December 10, 2024
(last updated December 22, 2024)
International Committee of Green Party Korea
The December 3 Insurrection: A Historical Assault on South Korea’s Democracy
On December 3, President Yoon Suk Yeol abruptly declared emergency martial law in a shocking act designed to dismantle constitutional order and suppress the South Korean people. At 10:28 PM, President Yoon announced in an emergency broadcast:
"I declare emergency martial law to protect the Republic of Korea from the threats of North Korean communist forces, to immediately eradicate the shameless pro-North Korea and anti-state forces that are plundering the freedom and happiness of our people, and to defend the free constitutional order."
In about an hour, the martial law commander issued a series of proclamations that blatantly contravened the Constitution and the rule of law.
The Proclamation of the Martial Law Commander
- All political activities, including those of the National Assembly, local councils, political parties, political associations, rallies, and demonstrations, are hereby prohibited.
- Any actions that deny or seek to overthrow the liberal democratic system, as well as the dissemination of fake news, manipulation of public opinion, and false agitation, are strictly prohibited.
- All media and publications shall be placed under the direct control of the martial law authorities.
- Strikes, slowdowns, and assemblies that disrupt social order are strictly forbidden.
- All medical professionals, including resident doctors currently on strike or absent from their posts, are hereby ordered to return to their duties and perform them faithfully within 48 hours. Violations will be subject to punishment under the Martial Law Act.
- Measures will be implemented to minimize inconvenience to law-abiding, ordinary citizens in their daily lives, except for anti-state forces and elements seeking to overthrow the system.
Violators of these proclamations shall be subject to arrest, detention, and search and seizure without a warrant under Article 9 of the Martial Law Act (Special Authority of the Martial Law Commander) and shall be ruthlessly punished under Article 14 of the same act.
Martial Law in South Korea’s History: A Tool of Oppression
Since the establishment of the Republic of Korea in 1948, martial law has been declared 17 times, often as a means of consolidating power rather than responding to legitimate emergencies. The misuse of martial law has left a scar on South Korea’s democratic history.
October 1948: The Yeosu-Suncheon Incident
The first martial law in South Korea was declared during the Yeosu-Suncheon Incident. In Yeosu, located in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula, government troops refused orders to participate in the suppression of what then-government called the Jeju 4·3 "Uprising." To quell the dissent, the government deployed large military forces, resulting in the deaths of thousands of civilians. This tragic event highlighted the misuse of martial law as a tool for violent military control over civilians.
November 1948: The Jeju 4·3 Massacre
In November of the same year, on Jeju Island, Cold War-era ideological conflicts led to widespread atrocities. Police and far-right youth groups carried out acts of terror, which escalated into violent clashes with local socialist armed resistance groups. Under the pretext of restoring order, South Korean and U.S. forces launched indiscriminate suppression campaigns. Tens of thousands of Jeju residents were killed in what became one of the darkest and most devastating chapters in modern Korean history.
May 1952: A Tool for Rhee Syngman’s Authoritarian Rule
In May 1952, President Rhee Syngman declared martial law, arresting opposition lawmakers under the guise of an anti-communist crackdown. While detaining dissenting members of the National Assembly, Rhee forced through constitutional amendments that paved the way for his indefinite re-election and perpetual rule. This marked one of the most egregious examples of martial law being exploited for political oppression.
1960: The March 15 Electoral Fraud and the April 19 Revolution
The fraudulent election of March 15, 1960, triggered nationwide outrage against the corruption and suppression perpetrated by the Rhee administration. Students and citizens mobilized in massive protests across the country. When the body of a student killed by a tear gas shell was discovered in Masan city, anti-government sentiment reached a boiling point. The Rhee administration escalated the situation by declaring martial law and deploying armed forces to suppress the protests. Despite the use of force, the resistance grew stronger, leading to the April 19 Revolution. Under immense pressure from the public and the international community, Rhee resigned from the presidency on April 26, 1960.
May 1961 and June 1964: Park Chung-hee’s Military Coup and Martial Law
In May 1961, Park Chung-hee led a military coup, declaring martial law across Seoul. This marked the dismantling of the government born from the April 19 democratic movement and laid the foundation for military dictatorship. In June 1964, Park’s administration declared martial law again to suppress large-scale protests by students and citizens opposing the unjust Korea-Japan Treaty. Four army divisions were deployed to Seoul, effectively overpowering the demonstrations through military force.
October 1972: Martial Law for the Yushin Constitution
In October 1972, Park Chung-hee declared martial law nationwide, citing the need to reform the political system to achieve peaceful reunification. He dissolved the National Assembly, banned political activities, and enacted the Yushin Constitution under emergency measures. The Yushin Constitution concentrated power in the hands of Park Chung-hee, allowing him to extend his rule indefinitely and suppress democratic freedoms. This cemented his long-term authoritarian rule and strengthened military dictatorship.
October 1979: A New Military Regime and Martial Law
After the assassination of President Park Chung-hee in October 1979, martial law was declared nationwide, excluding Jeju Island. The military maintained martial law to consolidate control over the political crisis, eventually enabling the rise of a new military regime led by Chun Doo-hwan.
May 1980: The Gwangju Democratic Uprising
In May 1980, the Chun Doo-hwan-led military expanded martial law nationwide as part of a coup strategy to seize power. Citizens and students in Gwangju protested against the expanded martial law and the growing military dictatorship. The protests were met with brutal military suppression, resulting in thousands of casualties. On May 21, the massacre escalated with a mass shooting in front of the South Jeolla Provincial Office, prompting citizens to arm themselves. By May 27, the military launched a large-scale operation to suppress the resistance. The Gwangju Democratic Uprising stands as a historic testament to the sacrifices of citizens resisting military dictatorship and their unwavering commitment to democracy. The Chun regime's martial law, imposed in October 1979 and lifted in January 1981, lasted 456 days, marking the most extended period under martial law in South Korea's history.
Martial Law: A Tool of Oppression Against Democracy
Martial law has historically been used as a means to suppress democratic rights and freedoms under the guise of responding to national emergencies. Rather than addressing genuine crises, it has often been exploited to entrench authoritarian rule. This history serves as a stark reminder of the dangers of martial law and underscores the importance of constant vigilance and resistance to safeguard democracy.
Yoon Suk Yeol’s Martial Law: A Violation of the Constitution and the Rule of Law
President Yoon Suk Yeol’s recent declaration of emergency martial law represents a blatant disregard for the South Korean Constitution, rife with unconstitutional actions that undermine democratic principles.
Violation of Article 77(1) of the Constitution
Article 77(1) of the Constitution allows the president to declare martial law only in cases of war, armed conflict, or comparable national emergencies. However, none of these conditions were met at the time martial law was declared. This makes Yoon’s declaration a clear violation of constitutional requirements.
Violation of Article 77(5) of the Constitution
Article 77(5) mandates that if a majority of the National Assembly votes to revoke martial law, the president must comply immediately. Instead, the martial law commander issued proclamations prohibiting the National Assembly’s political activities, thereby infringing upon its constitutional authority. Following the declaration, President Yoon mobilized police and military forces to control the Assembly and obstruct its decision-making process.
Police blocked lawmakers from entering the Assembly building, forcing some to climb over walls. Meanwhile, 280 armed troops breached the Assembly using helicopters and even deployed tanks on the surrounding roads. Testimonies from military commanders reveal that President Yoon directly ordered the invasion, instructing them to "break down the doors [...] and remove the lawmakers [since they] are yet to meet the quorum." This was a blatant assault on the Assembly’s independence and an undeniable violation of constitutional sovereignty.
Invasion of the National Election Commission
Immediately after the declaration of martial law, troops stormed the National Election Commission’s (NEC) headquarters in Gwacheon, confiscating cell phones, monitoring staff activities, and restricting access to the building. A total of 287 soldiers occupied the NEC and related offices. The justification for this was based on unfounded conspiracy theories about election fraud—including claims promoted by far-right YouTubers regarding the 2020 general election, the 2022 by-elections, and the April 10 general election of the same year. These claims had already been thoroughly dismissed in court. This invasion exposed the true intent behind martial law: to dismantle constitutional order and consolidate power under the guise of addressing fabricated threats.
Orders to Arrest Politicians and Journalists
Shortly after declaring martial law, President Yoon instructed Hong Jang-won, the first deputy director of the National Intelligence Service, to work with counterintelligence units to arrest leaders of both ruling and opposition parties, as well as specific politicians and journalists. When Hong refused, citing the legality of the orders, Yoon promptly dismissed him. This incident highlights the authoritarian nature of Yoon’s regime and its willingness to suppress dissent through extreme measures.
707 Special Missions Unit and North Korean Balloon Incident: Allegations of Preparing for Localized Warfare
The Yoon Suk Yeol administration reportedly mobilized the elite 707th Special Missions Unit in the lead-up to its declaration of emergency martial law, conducting extensive drills under the pretext of responding to North Korean "trash balloons." These balloons, which carried garbage and propaganda leaflets into South Korea, posed no significant threat, as they contained no hazardous materials.
Internal military documents revealed alarming claims, including statements such as, "The situation in North Korea is critical enough to require immediate deployment." These efforts appear to have been designed to mislead martial law forces into believing they were preparing for a North Korean incursion, rather than the actual intent—to suppress domestic political opposition.
The evidence raises serious concerns that incidents like the balloon drills were exploited to manufacture a pretext for declaring martial law, framing it as a necessary measure to address fabricated threats and justify preparations for localized warfare.
The December 3 Martial Law Crisis: President Yoon Suk Yeol Faces Insurrection Charges and Aftermath
The December 3 martial law crisis, widely referred to as an illegal declaration of martial law, has placed President Yoon Suk Yeol at the center of insurrection charges. South Korean society is responding to this unprecedented event through two primary avenues: criminal investigations and impeachment proceedings.
Yoon Suk Yeol’s Insurrection Charges and Accountability
Travel Ban:
The Ministry of Justice has imposed a travel ban on President Yoon, effectively treating him as the ringleader of an insurrection. This marks the first time in South Korean constitutional history that a sitting president has faced such restrictions under the exceptions to the presidential immunity clause for crimes such as treason or insurrection.
Former Defense Minister Kim Yong-hyun:
Prosecutors have sought an arrest warrant for former Defense Minister Kim Yong-hyun on charges of participating in significant insurrectionary activities. Kim is accused of conspiring with President Yoon during the martial law declaration. Although Kim has expressed regret and resigned, he was dismissed without disciplinary action, raising further controversy.
Yoon Suk Yeol’s Evasion of Responsibility and Political Fallout
After the revocation of martial law, President Yoon delivered a public apology, saying, "I sincerely apologize to the citizens who were greatly alarmed." However, he subsequently deflected accountability by announcing that he would delegate the stabilization of the political situation and future governance to the ruling People Power Party (PPP). Instead of addressing the public directly, Yoon shifted responsibility to the PPP leadership.
Following this, PPP leader Han Dong-hoon and Prime Minister Han Deok-soo declared a "dual leadership system" to manage state affairs. This announcement, lacking any constitutional basis, drew sharp criticism for attempting to delegate presidential authority to Han Dong-hoon, who was not elected by the people. Critics have labeled this move a "second insurrection" or "second coup," as the Constitution does not provide any provisions for delegating presidential powers to a political party. The PPP, holding only 108 seats as a minority party in the legislature, has further inflamed controversy by asserting its role as a governing body without public or parliamentary consent.
The Impeachment of President Yoon: PPP Obstruction and Automatic Dismissal
1On December 3 at 11:00 PM, the PPP, to which President Yoon belongs, convened an emergency caucus at party headquarters rather than in the National Assembly. By December 7, when the impeachment motion against President Yoon was brought to a vote, it failed due to a lack of quorum. PPP lawmakers deliberately walked out of the Assembly plenary hall, abstaining from the vote and ensuring the motion’s automatic dismissal.
This impeachment attempt marks only the third time in South Korean history that a motion to impeach a sitting president has reached the National Assembly floor, following cases against Presidents Roh Moo-hyun in 2004 and Park Geun-hye in 2016. However, it is the first instance where such a motion failed to proceed due to the deliberate non-participation of ruling party lawmakers. The PPP’s actions are widely seen as an intentional obstruction of the impeachment process, further demonstrating its unwavering support for President Yoon despite mounting public outcry.
Institutional Deadlock and Investigative Chaos
South Korea’s law enforcement agencies—including prosecutors, police, and the Corruption Investigation Office for High-Ranking Officials (CIO)—are conducting independent investigations into the martial law crisis. However, jurisdictional disputes and overlapping claims of authority have led to delays in securing evidence and advancing the case. This fragmentation has hampered the pace and efficacy of the investigations, leaving the resolution of the crisis in limbo.
The People’s Resistance and Defense of Democracy
President Yoon Suk Yeol’s December 3 declaration of emergency martial law sparked a wave of powerful resistance and a renewed commitment to defending democracy. Immediately following the announcement, citizens and students flooded the area surrounding the National Assembly. By 1:00 AM, 190 lawmakers present in the Assembly unanimously passed a resolution demanding the revocation of martial law. Seven hours after its initial declaration, at 5:40 AM, President Yoon officially rescinded the order, forced to bow to the overwhelming opposition.
A New Protest Culture and Pan-Generational Solidarity
The martial law crisis ignited nationwide candlelight protests, transforming the culture of demonstrations in South Korea. Younger generations, particularly those in their 20s and 30s, played a significant role in evolving the character of these gatherings. Traditional protest songs gave way to K-pop and popular music, and slogans for impeachment resonated alongside the glow of light sticks typically used to cheer for idols. These pan-generational protests became symbols of hope, uniting citizens across age groups in their shared vision of democracy and equality. The voices ringing out in the National Assembly and the public squares transcended calls for the resignation of the Yoon administration, charting a path toward a more inclusive and equitable society.
Rejection of Structural Discrimination and Oppression
Women’s and LGBTQ+ organizations, among others, have framed the martial law crisis as an extension of President Yoon’s authoritarian governance and the systemic oppression of marginalized groups. Song Ranhee, director of Korea Women’s Hotline, emphasized the importance of including diverse voices in this moment of reckoning. “The calls for impeachment and the president’s resignation must also amplify the voices of women, LGBTQ+ individuals, persons with disabilities, and migrants,” she stated.
Kim Yeojin, director of the Korea Cyber Sexual Violence Response Center, echoed this sentiment, asserting, “The Yoon administration has denied the existence of systemic injustices, including gender discrimination, while intensifying the oppression of minorities. In a post-Yoon era, the voices of marginalized communities must be at the forefront of shaping a more just society.”
The December 14th Impeachment
On December 14th, South Korea’s National Assembly passed an impeachment motion against President Yoon Suk Yeol. This marked the second impeachment attempt against President Yoon, citing three main allegations: insufficient justification for declaring martial law, unconstitutional proclamations, and charges of insurrection under criminal law.
Key Details of the Impeachment Vote
- All 300 members of the National Assembly participated in the vote.
- The results: 204 in favor, 85 against, 3 abstentions, and 8 invalid votes.
- The motion passed, triggering immediate legal and political consequences.
Immediate Consequences
- Acting Presidency: Prime Minister Han Duck-soo assumed presidential powers at 7:24 PM the same day.
- Presidential Authority Suspended: According to Article 65, Clause 3 of the South Korean Constitution, President Yoon’s authority is temporarily halted during the impeachment process.
- Constitutional Court Review: The Constitutional Court must deliver a ruling within 180 days after receiving the impeachment request from the National Assembly's judiciary committee.
Potential Delays in Proceedings
If President Yoon faces criminal charges related to insurrection or abuse of power, the court’s impeachment trial could be delayed. Article 51 of the Constitutional Court Act allows for impeachment proceedings to be paused if a criminal trial is underway for the same allegations.
Outcomes of the Constitutional Court’s Decision
- Impeachment Affirmed: If the court upholds the impeachment, Yoon will be permanently removed from office, and a presidential election must occur within 60 days.
- Impeachment Rejected: If the court dismisses or rejects the motion, President Yoon will resume his duties.
Yoon’s Response
- On December 12th, Yoon publicly dismissed the insurrection charges, stating, “Can there even be a two-hour-long insurrection? Deploying a small force briefly to maintain order – how is that an insurrection?”
- Yoon continues to defy legal summons from both investigators and the Constitutional Court.
- Despite three previous requests, a joint investigative task force summoned Yoon again for questioning on December 20th and Christmas Day regarding his December 3rd martial law declaration. Yoon has refused to appear and blocked attempts to search his office, citing legal protections tied to military secrets. Authorities have hinted at issuing an arrest warrant if he remains uncooperative.
- Simultaneously, the Constitutional Court has struggled to serve Yoon with impeachment trial documents, with his security team rejecting delivery attempts four times. The court may rule on December 23rd to consider the papers delivered regardless of his acknowledgment, potentially triggering a deadline for Yoon’s response.
Green Party Korea’s Call for a New Democracy After Impeachment
Green Party Korea unequivocally condemns Yoon Suk Yeol’s declaration of emergency martial law as a flagrant attack on democracy and a violation of citizens’ fundamental rights. We denounce this as an act of constitutional sabotage and pledge decisive action to restore democratic principles and empower citizens.
Concerns Over Acting Leadership
Acting President Han Duck-soo, accused of complicity in the insurrection, has vetoed six National Assembly-approved bills, including the vital "Four Agricultural Livelihood Bills." Despite his caretaker role meant to prevent a governance vacuum, Han's actions suggest an overreach of authority, undermining democratic processes.
A Vision
Green Party Korea envisions a post-impeachment South Korea that breaks from the inequalities and hate perpetuated by conservative forces. LGBTQ+ individuals, people with disabilities, dismissed workers, precarious laborers, and migrants stood unarmed against martial law forces and raised their voices for democracy in the public square. Citizens rallying in the streets demand a new political framework grounded in equality, respect, and universal rights. The movement calls for a fundamental shift toward an inclusive and just society.
Collaborative Efforts for Reform
In partnership with the Labor Party and Justice Party, the Green Party advocates:
- Systemic reforms, including drafting a "Green Constitution."
- Building an ecological and equitable society that prioritizes life and safety over profit.
A Call to Transformative Action
Green Party Korea emphasizes that rejecting Yoon is just the beginning. Our goals include:
- A society where dignity and equality are universal.
- A political system driven by sustainability, safety, and justice.
- A citizen-powered movement, independent of political elites.
Green Party Korea stands resolutely with the people in the fight to reclaim power from entrenched elites and return it to its rightful owners—the citizens. We will spare no effort in defending democracy, equality, and human rights. Guided by the principle that “Power belongs to the people,” we will stand in solidarity with citizens and fight to the very end for a better, more just society.
Donations to South Korean political parties are restricted to South Korean citizens, and foreign nationals, including permanent residents, are prohibited from contributing under the Political Funds Act.
Please contact the International Committee of Green Party Korea at international@kgreens.org for more information on how to support its fight for democracy and equality!
December 10, 2024
(last updated December 22, 2024)
International Committee of Green Party Korea
The December 3 Insurrection: A Historical Assault on South Korea’s Democracy
On December 3, President Yoon Suk Yeol abruptly declared emergency martial law in a shocking act designed to dismantle constitutional order and suppress the South Korean people. At 10:28 PM, President Yoon announced in an emergency broadcast:
"I declare emergency martial law to protect the Republic of Korea from the threats of North Korean communist forces, to immediately eradicate the shameless pro-North Korea and anti-state forces that are plundering the freedom and happiness of our people, and to defend the free constitutional order."
In about an hour, the martial law commander issued a series of proclamations that blatantly contravened the Constitution and the rule of law.
The Proclamation of the Martial Law Commander
Violators of these proclamations shall be subject to arrest, detention, and search and seizure without a warrant under Article 9 of the Martial Law Act (Special Authority of the Martial Law Commander) and shall be ruthlessly punished under Article 14 of the same act.
Martial Law in South Korea’s History: A Tool of Oppression
Since the establishment of the Republic of Korea in 1948, martial law has been declared 17 times, often as a means of consolidating power rather than responding to legitimate emergencies. The misuse of martial law has left a scar on South Korea’s democratic history.
October 1948: The Yeosu-Suncheon Incident
The first martial law in South Korea was declared during the Yeosu-Suncheon Incident. In Yeosu, located in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula, government troops refused orders to participate in the suppression of what then-government called the Jeju 4·3 "Uprising." To quell the dissent, the government deployed large military forces, resulting in the deaths of thousands of civilians. This tragic event highlighted the misuse of martial law as a tool for violent military control over civilians.
November 1948: The Jeju 4·3 Massacre
In November of the same year, on Jeju Island, Cold War-era ideological conflicts led to widespread atrocities. Police and far-right youth groups carried out acts of terror, which escalated into violent clashes with local socialist armed resistance groups. Under the pretext of restoring order, South Korean and U.S. forces launched indiscriminate suppression campaigns. Tens of thousands of Jeju residents were killed in what became one of the darkest and most devastating chapters in modern Korean history.
May 1952: A Tool for Rhee Syngman’s Authoritarian Rule
In May 1952, President Rhee Syngman declared martial law, arresting opposition lawmakers under the guise of an anti-communist crackdown. While detaining dissenting members of the National Assembly, Rhee forced through constitutional amendments that paved the way for his indefinite re-election and perpetual rule. This marked one of the most egregious examples of martial law being exploited for political oppression.
1960: The March 15 Electoral Fraud and the April 19 Revolution
The fraudulent election of March 15, 1960, triggered nationwide outrage against the corruption and suppression perpetrated by the Rhee administration. Students and citizens mobilized in massive protests across the country. When the body of a student killed by a tear gas shell was discovered in Masan city, anti-government sentiment reached a boiling point. The Rhee administration escalated the situation by declaring martial law and deploying armed forces to suppress the protests. Despite the use of force, the resistance grew stronger, leading to the April 19 Revolution. Under immense pressure from the public and the international community, Rhee resigned from the presidency on April 26, 1960.
May 1961 and June 1964: Park Chung-hee’s Military Coup and Martial Law
In May 1961, Park Chung-hee led a military coup, declaring martial law across Seoul. This marked the dismantling of the government born from the April 19 democratic movement and laid the foundation for military dictatorship. In June 1964, Park’s administration declared martial law again to suppress large-scale protests by students and citizens opposing the unjust Korea-Japan Treaty. Four army divisions were deployed to Seoul, effectively overpowering the demonstrations through military force.
October 1972: Martial Law for the Yushin Constitution
In October 1972, Park Chung-hee declared martial law nationwide, citing the need to reform the political system to achieve peaceful reunification. He dissolved the National Assembly, banned political activities, and enacted the Yushin Constitution under emergency measures. The Yushin Constitution concentrated power in the hands of Park Chung-hee, allowing him to extend his rule indefinitely and suppress democratic freedoms. This cemented his long-term authoritarian rule and strengthened military dictatorship.
October 1979: A New Military Regime and Martial Law
After the assassination of President Park Chung-hee in October 1979, martial law was declared nationwide, excluding Jeju Island. The military maintained martial law to consolidate control over the political crisis, eventually enabling the rise of a new military regime led by Chun Doo-hwan.
May 1980: The Gwangju Democratic Uprising
In May 1980, the Chun Doo-hwan-led military expanded martial law nationwide as part of a coup strategy to seize power. Citizens and students in Gwangju protested against the expanded martial law and the growing military dictatorship. The protests were met with brutal military suppression, resulting in thousands of casualties. On May 21, the massacre escalated with a mass shooting in front of the South Jeolla Provincial Office, prompting citizens to arm themselves. By May 27, the military launched a large-scale operation to suppress the resistance. The Gwangju Democratic Uprising stands as a historic testament to the sacrifices of citizens resisting military dictatorship and their unwavering commitment to democracy. The Chun regime's martial law, imposed in October 1979 and lifted in January 1981, lasted 456 days, marking the most extended period under martial law in South Korea's history.
Martial Law: A Tool of Oppression Against Democracy
Martial law has historically been used as a means to suppress democratic rights and freedoms under the guise of responding to national emergencies. Rather than addressing genuine crises, it has often been exploited to entrench authoritarian rule. This history serves as a stark reminder of the dangers of martial law and underscores the importance of constant vigilance and resistance to safeguard democracy.
Yoon Suk Yeol’s Martial Law: A Violation of the Constitution and the Rule of Law
President Yoon Suk Yeol’s recent declaration of emergency martial law represents a blatant disregard for the South Korean Constitution, rife with unconstitutional actions that undermine democratic principles.
Violation of Article 77(1) of the Constitution
Article 77(1) of the Constitution allows the president to declare martial law only in cases of war, armed conflict, or comparable national emergencies. However, none of these conditions were met at the time martial law was declared. This makes Yoon’s declaration a clear violation of constitutional requirements.
Violation of Article 77(5) of the Constitution
Article 77(5) mandates that if a majority of the National Assembly votes to revoke martial law, the president must comply immediately. Instead, the martial law commander issued proclamations prohibiting the National Assembly’s political activities, thereby infringing upon its constitutional authority. Following the declaration, President Yoon mobilized police and military forces to control the Assembly and obstruct its decision-making process.
Police blocked lawmakers from entering the Assembly building, forcing some to climb over walls. Meanwhile, 280 armed troops breached the Assembly using helicopters and even deployed tanks on the surrounding roads. Testimonies from military commanders reveal that President Yoon directly ordered the invasion, instructing them to "break down the doors [...] and remove the lawmakers [since they] are yet to meet the quorum." This was a blatant assault on the Assembly’s independence and an undeniable violation of constitutional sovereignty.
Invasion of the National Election Commission
Immediately after the declaration of martial law, troops stormed the National Election Commission’s (NEC) headquarters in Gwacheon, confiscating cell phones, monitoring staff activities, and restricting access to the building. A total of 287 soldiers occupied the NEC and related offices. The justification for this was based on unfounded conspiracy theories about election fraud—including claims promoted by far-right YouTubers regarding the 2020 general election, the 2022 by-elections, and the April 10 general election of the same year. These claims had already been thoroughly dismissed in court. This invasion exposed the true intent behind martial law: to dismantle constitutional order and consolidate power under the guise of addressing fabricated threats.
Orders to Arrest Politicians and Journalists
Shortly after declaring martial law, President Yoon instructed Hong Jang-won, the first deputy director of the National Intelligence Service, to work with counterintelligence units to arrest leaders of both ruling and opposition parties, as well as specific politicians and journalists. When Hong refused, citing the legality of the orders, Yoon promptly dismissed him. This incident highlights the authoritarian nature of Yoon’s regime and its willingness to suppress dissent through extreme measures.
707 Special Missions Unit and North Korean Balloon Incident: Allegations of Preparing for Localized Warfare
The Yoon Suk Yeol administration reportedly mobilized the elite 707th Special Missions Unit in the lead-up to its declaration of emergency martial law, conducting extensive drills under the pretext of responding to North Korean "trash balloons." These balloons, which carried garbage and propaganda leaflets into South Korea, posed no significant threat, as they contained no hazardous materials.
Internal military documents revealed alarming claims, including statements such as, "The situation in North Korea is critical enough to require immediate deployment." These efforts appear to have been designed to mislead martial law forces into believing they were preparing for a North Korean incursion, rather than the actual intent—to suppress domestic political opposition.
The evidence raises serious concerns that incidents like the balloon drills were exploited to manufacture a pretext for declaring martial law, framing it as a necessary measure to address fabricated threats and justify preparations for localized warfare.
The December 3 Martial Law Crisis: President Yoon Suk Yeol Faces Insurrection Charges and Aftermath
The December 3 martial law crisis, widely referred to as an illegal declaration of martial law, has placed President Yoon Suk Yeol at the center of insurrection charges. South Korean society is responding to this unprecedented event through two primary avenues: criminal investigations and impeachment proceedings.
Yoon Suk Yeol’s Insurrection Charges and Accountability
Travel Ban:
The Ministry of Justice has imposed a travel ban on President Yoon, effectively treating him as the ringleader of an insurrection. This marks the first time in South Korean constitutional history that a sitting president has faced such restrictions under the exceptions to the presidential immunity clause for crimes such as treason or insurrection.
Former Defense Minister Kim Yong-hyun:
Prosecutors have sought an arrest warrant for former Defense Minister Kim Yong-hyun on charges of participating in significant insurrectionary activities. Kim is accused of conspiring with President Yoon during the martial law declaration. Although Kim has expressed regret and resigned, he was dismissed without disciplinary action, raising further controversy.
Yoon Suk Yeol’s Evasion of Responsibility and Political Fallout
After the revocation of martial law, President Yoon delivered a public apology, saying, "I sincerely apologize to the citizens who were greatly alarmed." However, he subsequently deflected accountability by announcing that he would delegate the stabilization of the political situation and future governance to the ruling People Power Party (PPP). Instead of addressing the public directly, Yoon shifted responsibility to the PPP leadership.
Following this, PPP leader Han Dong-hoon and Prime Minister Han Deok-soo declared a "dual leadership system" to manage state affairs. This announcement, lacking any constitutional basis, drew sharp criticism for attempting to delegate presidential authority to Han Dong-hoon, who was not elected by the people. Critics have labeled this move a "second insurrection" or "second coup," as the Constitution does not provide any provisions for delegating presidential powers to a political party. The PPP, holding only 108 seats as a minority party in the legislature, has further inflamed controversy by asserting its role as a governing body without public or parliamentary consent.
The Impeachment of President Yoon: PPP Obstruction and Automatic Dismissal
1On December 3 at 11:00 PM, the PPP, to which President Yoon belongs, convened an emergency caucus at party headquarters rather than in the National Assembly. By December 7, when the impeachment motion against President Yoon was brought to a vote, it failed due to a lack of quorum. PPP lawmakers deliberately walked out of the Assembly plenary hall, abstaining from the vote and ensuring the motion’s automatic dismissal.
This impeachment attempt marks only the third time in South Korean history that a motion to impeach a sitting president has reached the National Assembly floor, following cases against Presidents Roh Moo-hyun in 2004 and Park Geun-hye in 2016. However, it is the first instance where such a motion failed to proceed due to the deliberate non-participation of ruling party lawmakers. The PPP’s actions are widely seen as an intentional obstruction of the impeachment process, further demonstrating its unwavering support for President Yoon despite mounting public outcry.
Institutional Deadlock and Investigative Chaos
South Korea’s law enforcement agencies—including prosecutors, police, and the Corruption Investigation Office for High-Ranking Officials (CIO)—are conducting independent investigations into the martial law crisis. However, jurisdictional disputes and overlapping claims of authority have led to delays in securing evidence and advancing the case. This fragmentation has hampered the pace and efficacy of the investigations, leaving the resolution of the crisis in limbo.
The People’s Resistance and Defense of Democracy
President Yoon Suk Yeol’s December 3 declaration of emergency martial law sparked a wave of powerful resistance and a renewed commitment to defending democracy. Immediately following the announcement, citizens and students flooded the area surrounding the National Assembly. By 1:00 AM, 190 lawmakers present in the Assembly unanimously passed a resolution demanding the revocation of martial law. Seven hours after its initial declaration, at 5:40 AM, President Yoon officially rescinded the order, forced to bow to the overwhelming opposition.
A New Protest Culture and Pan-Generational Solidarity
The martial law crisis ignited nationwide candlelight protests, transforming the culture of demonstrations in South Korea. Younger generations, particularly those in their 20s and 30s, played a significant role in evolving the character of these gatherings. Traditional protest songs gave way to K-pop and popular music, and slogans for impeachment resonated alongside the glow of light sticks typically used to cheer for idols. These pan-generational protests became symbols of hope, uniting citizens across age groups in their shared vision of democracy and equality. The voices ringing out in the National Assembly and the public squares transcended calls for the resignation of the Yoon administration, charting a path toward a more inclusive and equitable society.
Rejection of Structural Discrimination and Oppression
Women’s and LGBTQ+ organizations, among others, have framed the martial law crisis as an extension of President Yoon’s authoritarian governance and the systemic oppression of marginalized groups. Song Ranhee, director of Korea Women’s Hotline, emphasized the importance of including diverse voices in this moment of reckoning. “The calls for impeachment and the president’s resignation must also amplify the voices of women, LGBTQ+ individuals, persons with disabilities, and migrants,” she stated.
Kim Yeojin, director of the Korea Cyber Sexual Violence Response Center, echoed this sentiment, asserting, “The Yoon administration has denied the existence of systemic injustices, including gender discrimination, while intensifying the oppression of minorities. In a post-Yoon era, the voices of marginalized communities must be at the forefront of shaping a more just society.”
The December 14th Impeachment
On December 14th, South Korea’s National Assembly passed an impeachment motion against President Yoon Suk Yeol. This marked the second impeachment attempt against President Yoon, citing three main allegations: insufficient justification for declaring martial law, unconstitutional proclamations, and charges of insurrection under criminal law.
Key Details of the Impeachment Vote
Immediate Consequences
Potential Delays in Proceedings
If President Yoon faces criminal charges related to insurrection or abuse of power, the court’s impeachment trial could be delayed. Article 51 of the Constitutional Court Act allows for impeachment proceedings to be paused if a criminal trial is underway for the same allegations.
Outcomes of the Constitutional Court’s Decision
Yoon’s Response
Green Party Korea’s Call for a New Democracy After Impeachment
Green Party Korea unequivocally condemns Yoon Suk Yeol’s declaration of emergency martial law as a flagrant attack on democracy and a violation of citizens’ fundamental rights. We denounce this as an act of constitutional sabotage and pledge decisive action to restore democratic principles and empower citizens.
Concerns Over Acting Leadership
Acting President Han Duck-soo, accused of complicity in the insurrection, has vetoed six National Assembly-approved bills, including the vital "Four Agricultural Livelihood Bills." Despite his caretaker role meant to prevent a governance vacuum, Han's actions suggest an overreach of authority, undermining democratic processes.
A Vision
Green Party Korea envisions a post-impeachment South Korea that breaks from the inequalities and hate perpetuated by conservative forces. LGBTQ+ individuals, people with disabilities, dismissed workers, precarious laborers, and migrants stood unarmed against martial law forces and raised their voices for democracy in the public square. Citizens rallying in the streets demand a new political framework grounded in equality, respect, and universal rights. The movement calls for a fundamental shift toward an inclusive and just society.
Collaborative Efforts for Reform
In partnership with the Labor Party and Justice Party, the Green Party advocates:
A Call to Transformative Action
Green Party Korea emphasizes that rejecting Yoon is just the beginning. Our goals include:
Green Party Korea stands resolutely with the people in the fight to reclaim power from entrenched elites and return it to its rightful owners—the citizens. We will spare no effort in defending democracy, equality, and human rights. Guided by the principle that “Power belongs to the people,” we will stand in solidarity with citizens and fight to the very end for a better, more just society.
Donations to South Korean political parties are restricted to South Korean citizens, and foreign nationals, including permanent residents, are prohibited from contributing under the Political Funds Act.
Please contact the International Committee of Green Party Korea at international@kgreens.org for more information on how to support its fight for democracy and equality!